Hong Kong’s Regime Cleavage: A Critical Juncture Approach
In expansion of existing frameworks of cleavages in understanding social divisions that underpin electoral competition, political scientists have suggested the concept of regime cleavages in capturing the partisan conflict over constitutional democracy in the United States. This paper draws on these insights to examine the process of democratization in Hong Kong, especially how perceived regime differences underpinned the city’s axes of electoral competition since its first direct election. By adopting a critical juncture approach, this paper argues that the institutional design of “One Country, Two Systems” as codified in the Basic Law created the terms under which the government, political parties, and civil society contested over the shape and possibilities of democracy in the form of a reactive sequence. Hong Kong presents a unique case for understanding the evolution of a regime cleavage as a result of state-society interactions under a subnational setting, embedded in competing acts of constitutional meaning-making by various groups over questions of democracy, trust, and sovereignty.